Marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advertising technique - Assignment Example It is foreseen that new courses will be included once the underlying set up has been finished and has had relations with in, permitting extension of the university’s courses to a worldwide commercial center through another organization set up explicitly for the reason. The endeavor should recompense the underlying capital venture inside a time of three years, giving a moderately brief time of hazard most definitely. The advertising system centers around specialty showcasing and will focus on the individuals who may be keen on firing up their own business. With the potential for mass redundancies in both the general population and private areas throughout the following barely any years, there is a gigantic chance to enable numerous individuals to set up their own business and make the opportunity and progress that such an endeavor brings. This report sets out the examination and advertising methodology supporting the presentation of a scope of new e-learning courses for worldwide utilization. A vital investigation is given, which considers the outside condition inside which the college works, along with an examination of real and likely wellsprings of rivalry. The qualities and shortcomings of the college will be joined with the chances and dangers present in the present atmosphere, to give a strong establishment to an engaged advertising procedure that investigations the proposition utilizing the all-inclusive administrations showcasing blend, division and focusing on techniques and the profile of the â€Å"typical† client. The report finishes up with an outline of the advertising system and why it will be fruitful for the college as a medium-to-long haul venture. Following the ongoing choice by the legislature to cut the showing financial plans for colleges, it has gotten vital for the college to concentrate on more salary creating exercises to empower kept subsidizing of imperative exercises. After much conversation, it has been concluded that the college needs to

Jack: Almost the Hero of Lord of the Flies Essay

Jack, pioneer of a gathering of choirboys and at last head of the trackers, is Ralph’s head enemy. Depicted as having a full head of red hair, wearing a dark shroud and tormenting his way through the young men, his job as a miscreant is genuinely obvious from the earliest starting point. Jack is bound to be the essential driver of decimation on the island; in any case, he isn't introduced as a one-dimensional beast. Golding produces a more unpredictable and in this way more believable character than that. Jack does, for example, feel a few second thoughts for the blood on his hands. In any case, after a short time he curbs and respectable senses and grasps an existence of brutality. He makes the mental break emblematically when he purifies through water himself with the blood of a butchered pig. Except for Ralph, Piggy, and a couple of others, he in the long run baits different young men to tail him in a real existence sanctified in blood, an actual existence which will lead t hem to numerous killings. Dynamically, Jack speaks to the brutish intuition of the individual over the top by any judicious Control. Jack is a demon as a result of the savage ways he acts like the red hair, painted appearances, the savage pig chases, the ceremonies, penances, and the fear based oppressor acts. Jack is shrewd due to him being constantly dangerous. He is continually needing to chase things and not care what befalls the creature. When he gets incharge of his own gathering he paints his face and his red hair make him resemble the demon. He utilizes threating remarks to get others join his gathering. Also, he goes on savage acts like proceeding to thump Ralph and Piggy for Piggy’s glasses. Jack is continually bulling his way through all the young men like he powers Piggy to give him Piggy’s glasses. Jack is detestable like when he sees that it is starting to get dim and he out of the blue requests the clan to do its move. All the young men jump up and step fiercely around the blasting shoot, waving their weapons. They articulate a bloodcurdling recite and get more stunning and more stunning. That’s a portion of the brutality that Jack does in this book. Jack resembles the fiend on account of the savage things that he does and the awful ways that he treats individuals like Piggy. That is the thing that I would feel that is the reason Jack resembles the devil†¦.

An Entry About Snow

An Entry About Snow Over the years, I have discovered that just about anything can be used as a metaphor for life, and that its highly unoriginal to come up with supposedly clever sayings about boxes of chocolates, games of cards, onions or riding bicycles (have fun looking these up). Of course, that doesnt stop me from starting this entry explaining why I decided that life, or at least life at MIT, is like snowboarding. You may or may not know that I absolutely *LOVE snow. I love snow more than MIT loves acronyms. I even love it more than Paul loves hacks (though I dont love it quite as much as I love DUSP. But still, its a lot). So when I found out that a snowboarding PE course existed over IAP, I jumped at the chance to throw myself from high places with just a piece of plastic attached to my feet. I had never snowboarded before and the last time I skiied was middle school, but I figured that if Johnny Tsunami could do it, then it couldnt be that hard. Alas, it turns out that Disney gave me unrealistic expectations about snowboarding, and I have the bruises to prove it. My left arm has a bruise that looks like black death, it still hurts to sit down from all the times I fell on my poor, poor bottom, and Im pretty sure that yesterday I permanently restructured the shape of my skull when the back of my head slammed on the ground. The ski patroller asked me if I was alright and jokingly asked me how many fingers he was holding up. I panicked for a split second when I actually didnt know how many but then I realized I had just lost my glasses in the fall. Its okay, I found them, and the guy was holding up three fingers, which I probably could have guessed because everyone always holds up three fingers when theyre asking how many fingers theyre holding up, but its too late now he probably thinks I lost my vision forever. Now, I realize that a certain stereotype prevails when it comes to nerds and their athletic ability: they have none. (This belief is largely due to, well, people like me. Sorry guys.) But actually, its not true. In fact, there were several students in my snowboarding lesson that would often be able to do things on the first or second time without, um, losing control and ending up sliding down the hill way farther (further? does anyone really know the difference?Of course, now Im sure Ill get multiple notes from people that actually do) than we were supposed to, and there are even some people that already *know* how to ski or snowboard and dont even need to take lessons and in the ice skating PE class I took last semester (hi, ice skating classmates) there were people who were really really good at not falling as well. I wasnt one of them, but thats not the point. Well, actually, it kind of is the point. Whatever. Okay this is the part where we get into the cheesy, reflective stuff, so listen up: When (if) you come to MIT, you might feel kind of like I do when Im snowboarding. You might not be as quick at learning J-turns or organic chemistry as other people and sometimes you might start to resent those students that already seem to know everything. And sometimes youll fall as soon as you try to get up and itll hurt, and other times you might not fall but things (like, say, your board, or your physics class) will go faster than youre comfortable with and youll just hope to God that the snow at the bottom of the hill is soft (it wasnt. The real snow, I mean, not the metaphorical snow. Although technically, because of the unusually warm weather weve been having, it was actually fake snow. Real snow is probably softer than chemically-altered chunks of ice). But thats okay, really. Because the bruise on my arm is a great conversation piece (Oh my GOD what happened?! I was snowboarding and- You snowboard? Er, I try) and falling is a good way to learn to laugh at yourself (not that I ever really need any more excuses to laugh at myself, but just in case I run out). HOWEVER, (and this is where my advice goes a little beyond the standard its okay to make mistakes) it is not okay to keep making the same mistakes. You cant just tell yourself Oh, well, Ill do better next time, but not actually change anything the next time. I did this a lot last semester. It didnt work out. So next Tuesday during snowboarding, I think Ill set a goal, of, say, only falling 15% of the time as opposed to the current.50%? Cause as useful as my bruise is for making lasting impressions on people I meet, I think Id rather they remember me for being that one girl whos really good at snowboarding instead of that one girl who thinks its cool that shes really bad at it. *In fact, while Snively opted to play with snow indoors because it was too cold, I spent four hours outside building an igloo with a couple of my friends.

The Romantic Period Of Jean Jacques Rousseau - 1915 Words

during the Eighteenth Century, influential ideologies, portrayed in literature, from religion to nature, to childhood and education began to shape people’s perception and thinking on such matters. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a contemporary, and is considered one of the earliest prominent voices in Nineteenth-Century Romanticism. The Romantic period marked the gradual but significant shift from the rational thinking of the Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment to a more emotional and individual thinking of the Romantics. In a way, Romanticism acted as reaction to modernity, rebutting the social and political norms and the rationalisation of nature from a scientific stance. Romanticism revived medievalism, in comparison to the classicism that was†¦show more content†¦His theory on childhood and education has been remarkable, with his works being referenced still to this day. Émile or On Education (1762) is a major writing, with Rousseau musing on the progress of mankind an d the attempt to perfect the human race. Émile sets to find a way of resolving the contradictions between the natural man who is all for himself and the implications of life in society. Rousseau’s theory of mankind becoming more civilized has not perfected human society, instead it has corrupted and tarnished it. Émile systematically sets out a new form of education, designed to be more ‘natural’. Émile attempts to protect children from the corruption of civilisation and prepare them for their entry into the corrupt social realm. An important point to make is that Émile asks to be read ironically, with the effects of modernity being reiterated as unattainable. Voltaire, a contemporary philosophical rival was critical of Émile stating that it is â€Å"hodgepodge of a silly wet nurse in four volumes, with forty pages against Christianity, among the boldest ever known...He says as many hurtful things against the philosophers as against Jesus C hrist, but the philosophers will be more indulgent than the priests.† Many writers in the Romantic period agree with the notion that Rousseau proposed, arguing that we are inherently good, but are corrupted by the evils of civilization. His focus on childhood is dueShow MoreRelatedJean Jacques Rousseau s Work Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28th, 1712. Those who were present had no clue that this child’s life would serve as a catalyst for philosophical and political reform. Rousseau’s writings had so much influence in the 18th century that he â€Å"played a significant role in three different revolutions† (52). In fact his work leaves a legacy so large that you can trace almost all modern revolutions back to his writings. In 1749 Rousseau competed forRead MoreGeorge Rousseau And Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthe French Revolution and the abolishment of the French monarchy but let us take a look a few years before that, where two great minds of this time had their own opinion of Liberty an how to achieve it. Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are two of the original Romantics; they both brought new ideas to the world and tried to change it. Diderot was very big on man being able to think for themselves, not always being told what to do and how to do it, he believe in our ability to reason and makeRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau Influence on the Declaration of Independence743 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophers and writers. One of these philosophers was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau played a significant role in three different revolutions: in politics, his work inspired and shaped revolutionary sentiment in the American colonies and France; in philosophy, he proposed radically unsettling ideas about human nature, justice, and progress that disrupted the dominant Enlightenment thinking of the moment and helped to spark the Romantic movement; and in literature, he invented a major newRead MoreRomanticism Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the period of the Frenc h revolution in 1789. Romantic artists’ glorified nature, idealized the past, and celebrated the divinity of creation. There is a fundamental emphasis on freedom of self expression, sincerity, spontaneity and originality. The movement rebelled against classicism, and artists turned to sources of inspiration for subject matter and artistic style. Their treatment of subject was emotional rather than reasonable, intuitive rather than analytical. Among other Romantics, the focusRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau And The Discourse On Inequality1546 Words   |  7 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse Upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind â€Å"In fact, the real source of all those differences, is that the savage lives within himself, whereas the citizen, beside himself, knows only how to live in the opinion of others; in so much that it is, if I may say so, merely from their judgement that he derives the consciousness of his own existence,† (Rousseau) The quote deriving from one of history’s most powerful and opinionated critique toRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the literary world witnessed the birth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writersRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesIn Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s autobiography, Confessions, he presents a dramatic tell all of his life story. During the eighteenth century, the period, known as the Enlightenment, swept across Europe. Rousseau found himself in the middle of all of it. The Age of Enlightenment was a time when scholars took to science to explain human nature and the world around them. His autobiography reflects how instead of following this trend Rousseau established a kind of counterculture to the Enlightenment. He didn’tRead MoreA Summary Of John Locke And Jean-Jacques Rousseau1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment period questioned traditional methods of educating children and introduced revolutionary new ways of thinking to bring about improvements in education and to actual allow students to enjoy learning. Before the Enlightenment, children were treated like small adult s with no thought given to the development of very young children and once they were old enough to receive education it consisted of forced memory work along with harsh discipline (Platz Arellano, 2011). The EnlightenmentRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Politics And Literature1991 Words   |  8 Pagesof work that is wide and very influential supplemented by other pieces of work that he later came up with such as Discourse Sur l’origine De L’inegalite and other drafts that he had made of the constitutions for both Poland and Corsica. Generally, Rousseau is seen as a moralist rather than a metaphysician in the sense that he is unavoidable while learning about history and political influence in relation to the French revolution and as well a political theorist. His thoughts are well thought out andRead MoreTaking a Look at the Romantic Era1107 Words   |  4 PagesRomantic Era Romanticism was brought to life around 1780 and thinned out around 1850. During this age romantic thought and imagination was chosen over reason, emotions, logic, intuition, and science. The late 18th century was a perfect era for romanticism. During this time period it spread wildly through the countries of Europe, the United States and Latin America and touched the pens of so many writers. Romanticism gave a type of feeling that made a lot excited or enthused to write and express

Cultural And Religious Traditions Of The Americas And Oceania

The original people of the Americas and Oceania lived in societies that were considerably smaller than those of the eastern hemisphere. Long before they entered into sustained interaction with European and other peoples, they built complex societies and developed sophisticated cultural and religious traditions. In Mesoamerica and Andean South America, they built imperial states that organized public affairs on a large scale. The cultural and religious traditions of these imperial societies reflected concern for agricultural production. There were states and empires in Mesoamerica and North America, states and empires in South America, and societies of Oceania. The most prominent of peoples contesting for power in Mesoamerica were the†¦show more content†¦The Aztec empire or the Mexica overcame their immediate neighbors and demanded tributes from their new subjects. The Aztec empire did not have an elaborate bureaucracy or administration. The Mexica and their allies just conquered their subjects and assessed tribute. For the Mexica society has the most information than any other people of the pre-Columbian Americas. Women played almost no role in political affairs. Priests received a special education in calendrical and ritual lore. On a few occasions, priests even became supreme rulers of the Aztec Empire. Skilled artisans enjoyed prestige in Mexica society. In Mexica Religion there are two principal gods, Tezcatlipoca, â€Å"the Smoking Mirror,† and Quetzalcoatl, the â€Å"Feathered Serpent†. Tezcatlipoca was a powerful figure known to be the giver and taker of life and the patron deity of warriors. Quetzalcoatl had a reputation for supporting agriculture, art, and craft. For sacrifice there was ritual bloodletting. Mexica enthusiasm for sacrifice followed their devotion to the god Huitzilopochtli. The Pueblo and Navajo peoples tapped river waters to irrigate crops of maize. By about 700 C.E. the Pueblo and Navajo began to construct permanent stone and adobe buildings. The most im pressive structures of the woodlands were enormous earthen mounds. Woodlands peoples used those mounds sometimes as stages for ceremonies and rituals. The largest surviving structure is a mound at Cahokia. There

Report of the Working Group on the Environment Free Essays

string(181) " Environment and Forest Research, Education ,Extension, Training Capacity Building and Information Management have been worked out and an abstract of the total outlay given\." REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RESEARCH, EDUCATION, TRAINING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS SECTOR FOR THE ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-2012) [pic] Government of India Planning Commission New Delhi Contents Contents |Page | |Preface |1 | |Summary |3 | |Chapter 1: Introduction |5 | |Chapter 2: Existing Institutional Set up |10 | |Chapter 3: Salient achievements of X Plan |22 | |Chapter 4: Emerging Challenges and Vision for future |47 | |Chapter 5: Strategies and Approach for the XI Plan |63 | |Chapter 6: Thrust Areas for XI Plan |77 | |Chapter 7: Proposals for XI Plan |98 | |Summary of Recommendations |129 | |Annexure | | |1. List of Working Group Members Terms of Reference |144 | |2: Sub Groups Constitution |147 | |3. Abbreviations |152 | PREFACE Indian Environment and Forests Sector is facing major challenges in the fast changing global and Indian scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Report of the Working Group on the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It requires no less a revolutionary approach than the ‘green’ or ‘white’ revolution. The key environmental challenges that the country faces relate to the nexus of environmental degradation with poverty in many dimensions, and economic growth. Further, The role of forests in poverty alleviation, providing goods and services to the society, ensuring environmental security of the country and promoting carbon sequestration has assumed much greater importance than ever before. There are a number of other important ecosystems lying outside the traditional boundaries of the forests which require direct or indirect interventions of foresters in association with other stakeholders. The Research and Development (RD) strategy has to take into account conservation and sustainable management of forests and forest production possibilities outside forests. We need a Common Research and Development Agenda. Also, the level of expectations from the forestry profession has gone up. The foresters, scientists, researchers and educationists are required to play multifarious roles to deal with a variety of externalities besides coping up with the traditional forestry and emerging sustainable forestry demands. These roles demand high degree of expertise and competence in various fields requiring up-gradation of technical skills and development of professional capabilities in dealing with social, environmental, economic and developmental issues. All stakeholders need to get involved. The State and Central Research Institutions and Agricultural Universities have to work hand in hand to achieve national goals. The Planning Commission (Environment and Forests Unit), vide its letter No. M-13033/1/2006-EF dated 21 August 2006, constituted a Working Group on Research, Education, Training, Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, MoEF. Keeping in view the enormity of the exercise and diversity of issues involved, four Sub Groups were created to deal with a specific themes. Sub Groups held meetings for deliberating upon the various issues pertaining to this topic. In between and later informal discussions through email amongst the members of the sub groups were also held particularly for those members who could not attend all the meetings due to their preoccupations. The Chairman wishes to place on record his appreciation and thanks to all the members of the Working Groups and Sub Groups and for freely providing his time and actively participating in the deliberations. (Jagdish Kiswan) Director General, ICFRE Member Secretary, Working Group SUMMARY The Planning Commission, Government of India resolved to set up a Working Group on Research , Education, Training Capacity Building and Information Management for the Environment and Forests Sector for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012) ,under the Chairmanship of the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests GOI. The Terms of Reference (TOR) of the working groups ranged from making a critical review of achievements in the field of Environmental and Forestry related Research and Education during the X Five Year Plan to recommending strategy and approaches on research education, extension, training and capacity building and information management; critically examining the role of research institutes in the environment and forest sector and suggesting measures for effective coordination between the scientific ministries of the Govt. of India dealing with Environmental and Forestry related activities. The TOR further called for recommending on guiding principles for research priorities based on the global commitments or conservation and national needs and establishment of data and information base for understanding assessment planning and monitoring. Considering the enormity of the task involved, four Sub Groups on (i) Environmental Research, Education and Extension; (ii) Forestry Research, Education and Extension; (iii) Training and Capacity Building; and (iv) Information Management were constituted by the chairman to deliberate on the issues and develop documents. The sub groups were to go into the ramification of the Terms of Reference. This document is the outcome of detailed discussions and the conclusions derived by these four sub groups. The document spreads over seven chapters. The state of Environment and Forests in India during the last five decades along with the global challenges being faced currently have been dealt in the Introduction. The vision, objectives mandate and activities of the major institutes under Govt. of India like, ICFRE, IGNFA, DFE ,FSI, IPIRTI and IIFM are dealt at length under chapter 2 . Universities and other institutes have also been dealt in this chapter. Review of the salient achievements by various institutes and organizations during the X Five-Year Plan have been elaborated in the third chapter. Chapter four deals with the major challenges and vision for future. Broad areas of research forestry extension and environmental research and education have been discussed in detail in chapter five under strategies and approach. The major thrust areas like agroforestry, watershed management, forest, fire, biodiversity conservation impact of diseases, medicinal and NWFP, forest products and industries and technologies for transfer have been identified under chapter six. Chapter seven contains recommendations and proposals of the Working Group with analytical justification of the same and highlighting the prioritized Action Plan for the XI Five Year Plan. Also major research programmes under which environment related research could be supported have been mentioned in this chapter. Lastly, to meet the targets, budgets for Environment and Forest Research, Education ,Extension, Training Capacity Building and Information Management have been worked out and an abstract of the total outlay given. You read "Report of the Working Group on the Environment" in category "Essay examples" A total outlay of Rs. 70,319. 43 lakhs has been proposed for the XI Five Year Plan . Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"A diverse developing society such as ours provides numerous challenges in the economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental arenas. All of these coalesce in the dominant imperative of alleviation of mass poverty, reckoned in the multiple dimensions of livelihood security, health care, education, empowerment of the disadvantaged, and elimination of gender disparities. Across the political spectrum of the country there has been recognition of the vital role natural resources play in providing livelihoods, and securing life-support ecological services. Sustainable development concerns in the sense of enhancement of human well-being, broadly conceived, are a recurring theme in India’s development philosophy. The present day consensus reflects three foundational aspirations. For this to occur there is a need for balance and harmony between economic, social and environmental needs of the country. India also plays an important role in several significant international initiatives concerned with the environment. It is a party to the key multilateral agreements, and recognizes the interdependencies among, and trans-boundary character of, several environmental problems. † – Excerpts for The National Environment Policy 2006 (NEP). 1. 1During the last five to six decades it has been increasingly observed that the life-supporting potentials of our planet Earth has been eroding rapidly and may ultimately threaten the very existence of Biosphere. The root cause for depleting life supporting potentials of the earth is the environmental degradation through anthropogenically-mediate activities. The ozone depletion, climate change, desertification, tropical deforestation, species extinction, and pollution of water, soil and air are some of the environmental issues of global concern. 1. The Tenth Plan had recognized that environmental sustainability â€Å"is not an option but an imperative†. Clean air, pure water, conservation of forests and wild life and generation of greenery are t he essentials for a healthy environment. Prevention of degradation of land, controlling floods and droughts, preventing desertification, conservation of fragile eco-system, prevention of deforestation, conserving bio-diversity and mitigating water and air pollution all present challenges for planners and policy makers. 1. 3 The concept of sustainable development has emerged as a prescription for human survival and at the same time ensures long-term maintenance of ecosystem health. One of the priority requirements for achieving sustainable development is to create sustainable human societies. Environmental education and research are critical not only for the establishment of sustainable human societies but also to develop technologies, skills and expertise, which translate into tailor-made solutions to environmental problems. 1. 4Sustainable management of forests means the management and use of forests and forest lands in a way that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels that does not cause damages to other ecosystems. A number of initiatives at the international level have been taken to determine criteria and indicators of sustainable management at regional, national and local levels. In India, too therefore, the tenth five-year plan must envisage funding research efforts in those areas, which are vitally linked with the well being and continued utility of the forests. 1. 5Education for a sustainable future should aim at: (i) conserving the earth’s vitality and diversity, (ii) minimizing the depletion of non-renewable resources, (iii) improving the quality of human life, (iv) respect and care for the community of living world, (v) changing personal attitudes and practices, and (vi) enabling communities to care for their own environments. Forest education and research are components of environmental education and research. The environmental sector with forestry as one of its sub-sectors has also linkages with the agriculture, fisheries and health sectors. Consequently, educational and research programmes particularly at higher level must integrate all these different sectors. 1. 6From being an exclusivist profession, primarily charged with forest management for timber production, forestry today has expanded to encompass a wide range of roles varying from traditional forest protection production to comprehensive bio-diversity conservation and sustainable use to eco-tourism promotion and so forth. In these new or expanded roles stakeholder participation has to become the presiding leitmotif of sustainable forest management. While societal expectations from the present day forester to fulfill these changing roles is increasing, more often than not the forest manager is left to his / her own devices to cope with the emerging challenges. 1. 7 We are today living in the age of technology. The internet provides a global path way for information exchange, and literally any information is available at the click of a button. Yet, for many of us, the computer still remains more of a decoration piece and a status symbol. We have yet not made adequate and effective use of the entire capabilities of computers and have not totally capitalized on the IT revolution. It would not be wrong to state that forestry, for the most part, still relies upon age old dependence on manual procedures and the human resource available. Forest inventory, growth and yield statistics, forest extent, species diversity and the like continue to be documented manually, as a result of which the activities are not just effort and time consuming but also subject to human error. Use of available and developing technology can help to a large extent in rapid assessment of forest resources as well as generating and updating the information and data that is the very basis for good planning. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an effective technology for storage, analysis and retrieval of spatial, temporal and tabular data for natural resources, yet a lot needs to be done by the State Forest Departments (SFD) in this area. 1. 8In the recent past environment and forestry research has been mainly focusing on the basic disciplines and these studies have led to the scientific advancement in the field. Though all these studies have immense relevance to the furthering the development of environment and forestry science in the country, however, in the changing scenario today the focus has to be shifted to research which could bring quick changes and improve the economy of the rural people leading to employment generation, poverty alleviation, etc. 1. 9The purpose of carrying out research today should be to generate benefit for the people by the application of new knowledge generated so far in the field of natural resource management. There is a need for user friendly and problem solving thrust in the field of research, education and extension. Research should be given due recognition and suitably placed at higher priorities to meet the new challenges . Research also needs adequate funding and possibility should be explored to involve the corporate and industrial houses in financing the research projects. While formulating the research projects research objective should be linked with the priorities of the nation such as poverty reduction, conservation and sustainable development and use of bio-resources. 1. 10Keeping in view the paucity of personnel in environment and forestry research and increasing the responsibility for managing large number of user groups institutional capacity with respect to trained man-power needs to be provided to cater to the needs. More thoughts are be given to a number of issues particularly in strengthening the structure of the organization, induction of new skills through organizing training of the existing staff at recognized national and international laboratories. Organizing orientation programme for scientists through visit to various national and international institutes in their respective field either through exchange programme or through fellow-ship in order to facilitate exchange of ideas and keeping them abreast with latest scientific and technology developments. 1. 11Adequate attention to transfer the technology from laboratory to the field has not been made in the recent past. Research extension linkages in terms of sharing of information and technology transfer is very weak. Research results are not transferred to the gross root level. One of the root causes of such a situation could be that research in most of the research institutions are conducted in isolation and development partners/stake holders were neither consulted nor made mandatory for implementing new technologies. 1. 12Today, more than ever before there is a need for partnership between research and educational institution, market/business entrepreneurs, financing bodies and policy makers, etc. Developing industries – institutional partner, have been found an effective tool in almost all developed countries in achieving the objectives and success for industries. 1. 3Forest Conservation Programme cannot succeed without the willing support and cooperation of the people. It is essential, therefore, to inculcate in the people, a direct interest in forests, their development and conservation, and to make them conscious of the value of trees, wildlife and nature in general. This can be achi eved through the involvement of educational institutions, right from the primary stage. Farmers and interested people should be provided opportunities through institutions like Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Trainers Training Centers to learn agri-silvicultural and silvicultural techniques to ensure optimum use of their land and water resources. Short term extension courses and lectures should be organized in order to educate farmers. For this purpose, it is essential that suitable programmes are propagated through mass media, audio-visual aids and extension machinery. 1. 14‘Habitat and Learning’ is the theme of a focus group set up as part of the National Curriculum Review process. Habitat is where any specie finds conditions that permit it to thrive. Learning is a vital faculty of all animal species. First and foremost, animals learn about the features of their own habitat, picking up clues as to where they may expect to find food, where they may expect to encounter enemies, and where they may expect to meet social companions. For our ancestors, knowledge thus began with the exploration of their habitat. In that sense, this focus group may be said to be at the centre stage of education, an enterprise dealing with knowledge. 1. 15 The Ministry of Environment and Forests, is classified as a ‘Scientific Ministry’ under the Government of India. Since its inception in 1985, the Ministry has funded research by diverse research institutions in several disciplines concerned with environmental protection. Some indicative areas include: forest conservation, wildlife protection, biodiversity inventories, R in environmental management technologies, climate change, public health impacts of environmental degradation, etc. The existing guidelines set forth the objectives of research support, the thrust areas for research support, procedures for inviting / receipt and processing proposals for funding support, norms for funding, conditions of support and dissemination or research findings. Chapter 2 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SET UP A. National Level Forestry Institution 2. 1Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The Council is apex body in the national forestry research system to develop holistic forestry research through planning, promoting, conducting and coordinating research, education and extension on all aspects of forestry. ICFRE ensures scientific management of forests, tree improvement, forest productivity through scientific and biotechnological research, bioremediation of degraded land, efficient utilization of forest produce, value addition, conservation of biodiversity, effective agro forestry models for various agro ecological zones, policy research, environmental impact assessment and integrated pest and disease management. ICFRE mission is to carry out research of forests, forestry and forest products at national level, and disseminate the results of this research to all concerned parties, including State Forest Departments, forest based industries, traders, farmers, and other user groups. ICFRE carries out research under various research programmes and eight-research institutes co-ordinate ICFRE in different parts of the country. ICFRE has eight Regional research institutes and three research centers in different bio-geographical regions of the country to cater to the forestry research needs of the nation. (i)Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh and Delhi) (ii)Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir) (iii)Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra) (iv)Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Daman Diu) v)Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar Islands) (viArid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan, Gujarat Dadra and Nagar Haveli) (vii)Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat (Cater s to research needs of the North Eastern Region) (viii)Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi (West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Sikkim) Advance research centers under the council are: i. Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation (CSFER), Allahabad ii. Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development (CFRHRD), Chhindwara. iii. Forest Research Centre (FRC), Hyderabad 2. 1. 1 Objectives To undertake, aid, promote and co-ordinate forestry research, education and its application. †¢ To extend the research findings from lab to land. †¢ To develop and maintain a National Forest Library Information Centre. †¢ To provide consultancy services in the field of forestry research, education and training, and in allied sciences. 2. 1. 2 Mission â€Å"To generate, preserve, disseminate and advance knowledge, technologies and solutions for addressing the issues related to forests and promote linkages arising out of interactions between people, forests and envir onment on a sustained basis through research, education and extension†. 2. 1. 3 Vision i. Update, develop and provide knowledge, skill, technology and experiences to support development in forestry sector in accordance with priorities of National Forestry Research Plan (NFRP) and National Forest Policy for sustainable forest development. ii. As model organization undertake, coordinate, promote and aid forestry research, extension and education. iii. Develop packages of technology and practices according to the needs of different stakeholders so as to contribute towards sustainability and promote these technologies through aggressive marketing. iv. Focus research efforts on priorities as identified in NFRP and attain global leadership in few emerging strategic areas. v. Optimize the use of research resources e. g. inancial, human and infrastructure through establishing and nurturing symbiotic networking, with ICFRE providing a core of such network at national and regional level. 2. 2. Indian Institute of Forest Management , Bhopal (IIFM) The Indian Institute of Forest Mana gement (IIFM) is premier autonomous Institute under the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Govt. of India. The Institute has four main activities, namely research, teaching, training and consulting in the forestry and allied sectors. It was established in 1982 in response to the growing need for application of business methods in the management of forest and natural resources to ensure efficiency in resource use and conservation. The Institute has about 25 faculty members working in the multidisciplinary faculty areas such as applied Computer Technology and Quantitative Techniques Communication Methods, Eco-system Management and Technical Forestry Financial Management, Accounting and Control , Forest Resource Economics and Management, Marketing Management, Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior, Sociology and Social Anthropology 2. 2. 1 The Institute conducts the following major programmes: †¢ Two year post graduate programme in forestry management (PFM, Equivalent to MBA) †¢ One year post masters programme in Natural Resource Management (NRM, Equivalent to M. Phil. ) †¢ Management Development Programmes for industry, development sector, government sector, non government sectors, covering forestry policy and institutional aspects, rural livelihoods, community participation, micro finance etc. 2. 2. 2 Research and Publications Activities Research and publications are among the key prio rity activities of the Institute. As a result, the IIFM faculty members have been undertaking various types of research projects related to the forestry and allied sectors. As a sectoral management institute, its research activities are primarily applied in nature. Drawing on the strength of multi disciplinary faculty, the institute promotes research projects of interdisciplinary nature. The research projects generally emphasize upon sustainability of natural resources benefit flow to the disadvantaged communities dependent on the forestry resources. In addition to the internal research funding, the research projects receive funding support from a number of national and international organization. Among the international funding agencies supporting research projects at IIFM include International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Yokohama, Japan; the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada; the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID); the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, CIFOR; the World Bank; the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN); the United State Forest Service (USFS) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2. 2. 3Main Research areas †¢ Sustainable Forest Management and Forest Certification; †¢ Community Forestry including Joint Forest Management; †¢ Micro-Finance and Micro-Enterprise; †¢ Participatory Forest Resource Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation; †¢ Legal and Policy Analysis in Forestry; †¢ Forestry and Livelihood; †¢ Valuation of Forests and Natural Resource Accounting; †¢ Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Forestry; †¢ Gender in Forestry; †¢ Protected Area and Biodiversity Conservation; †¢ Management of Non-Wood Forest Products (NTFP) including Medicinal Plants and Wood fuel; †¢ Wetlands Management; †¢ Trees Outside Forest. The Government of India has been supporting the IIFM research projects through funding form the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the National Afforestation and Eco-development Board (NAEB), the Ministry of Tribal Affaris, the Ministry of Textiles etc. The State Government Forest Departments also sponsor number of research studies of IIFM. The Institute has also undertaken some collaborative research projects with institutions such as the Cambridge University and the Kerala Forest Research Institute. Other organization like Sir Dorabji Tata Trust Mumbai have been providing support for research at IIFM. 2. 3 Directorate of Forest Education (DFE) The Directorate of Forest Education has been functioning directly under the Ministry since 1991 to cater to the training needs of the SFS officers nd Range Forest Officers of the states and union territories in the country. The forestry training institutes under the direct administrative control of the Directorate of Forest Education are i) State Forest Service College, Dehradun (Uttaranchal) ii) State Forest Service College, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) iii) State Forest Service College, Burnihat (Assam Mehgalaya) iv) Eastern Forest Rangers College, Kursenon (West Bengal) The Directorate is responsible for †¢ Conducting induction training for the direct recruits to the State Forest Service (SFS) and exercising technical control over the induction training for RFOs being organized by the colleges under the State Governments. Conducting in-service training for SFS officers and FROs, and organize courses for the frontline staff in the form of short term refresher and theme based courses. 2. 4Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA) was constituted in the year 1987 by renaming the erstwhile Indian Forest College, which was originally established in 1938 for training senior forest officers. IGNFA is currently functioning in Dehradun as a Staff College for the officers of t he Indian Forest Service (IFS). The primary mandate of the Academy is to impart knowledge and skills to the professional foresters and help them to develop competence for managing the country’s forest and wildlife resources on a sustainable basis. It also enables them to act as catalysts for environmental protection, economic development and social change. In the Academy training is provided at different levels of seniority in the IFS besides training the new entrants to the service. The Academy also imparts skill upgradation training to officers inducted into the IFS on promotion from the State Forest Service (SFS). The Academy also imparts Advanced Forest Management (AFM) training to contemporary batches of IFS officers belonging to three different senior levels, viz, executive, supervisory and policy development levels, and thematic training to IFS officers in a vertical integration format. Direct recruitment to IFS is made through the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination. The successful candidates are appointed to the IFS on probation for a period of three years. This is the period during which IGNFA imparts professional training to the young entrants into the IFS. Foreign trainees are also imparted training. This includes Foundation Course at LBSNAA, Professional Phase Training at IGNFA and OJT in the Cadre States. The professional training of these IFS officers is imparted mainly by the in-house faculty members drawn on deputation basis from among the serving professionals working in various States and Union Territories. Inputs from guest faculty are also drawn from eminent persons of repute from various institutes and organisations including non-governmental organizations on certain specialized aspects of forest service. Study tours to various parts of the country and specialized field exercises form an integral part of the training. IGNFA is placed directly under the administrative control of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Government of India (GOI). Accommodation for officers undergoing training at IGNFA comprises three hostels – the New Hostel, the Old Hostel and the Executive Hostel. These hostels are provided with mess and other facilities. There are billiards room, badminton court, table tennis hall and gymnasium in the Old Hostel complex. The Academy has spacious play-grounds adjacent to the New Hostel complex, which are used for physical training and out-door games. The Executive Hostel provides 30 rooms residential facilities to the senior officers coming to the Academy for in-service courses. A state-of-the-art pavilion-cum-indoor sports complex overlooks the playing ground at New Hostel. The two storied impressive structure houses multi gymnasium hall, billiards and table tennis room besides providing seating for 200 people to enjoy outdoor games. Adjoining the New Hostel, a modern, spacious assembly hall with a seating capacity of 600 is provided for holding cultural, academic and social functions. A residential complex for providing accommodation to the faculty and staff of IGNFA is situated on Chakrata Road, opposite the FRI campus. Medical facilities for both outdoor and indoor patients are available at the New Forest Hospital. The Academy has a Guest House having 22 sets of rooms The Guest House is mainly used for accommodating visiting faculty and middle and senior level in-service officers who come to the Academy time to time for attending in-service training courses, workshops, seminars, etc. The primary mandate of the Academy is to impart capacity building and professional level training to the IFS officers. 2. 5. Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) The Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) institute was established in 1961-62 as a Central Research Laboratory of the Indian Plywood Manufacturers’ Research Association under the Cooperative Research Scheme of the Government of India from out of the funds provided by CSIR and voluntary contribution from the Plywood Industries (in pursuance of Ministry of Commerce and Industries Resolution No. CI-9(5)/50 dated 22. 9. 1951). Consequent to the reorganization of the CSIR during 1977-78 (vide letter No. 5(15)/77-IED dt. 21. 3. 1978 of the Secretary, DST and Notification No. CD-261/78 dated 6-4-1978), IPIRTI was one of the several cooperative research laboratories, museums etc. that were transferred to various user Ministries. With this transfer the erstwhile cooperative research laboratory of plywood industry got converted into an autonomous body of the Ministry of Industry. Subsequently, vide Government Order No. 2/1/88-CI of the Ministry of Industries, Department of Industrial Development dated 30-4-1990, the Institute was transferred to the administrative control of Ministry of Environment and Forests from 1. 5. 1990. This change was notified by the Government of India (GOI/Allocation of business rules 1959) amended vide Cabinet Secretary notification dated 15. 5. 1990 i. e. (GOI/Allocation of business 211 Amendment). The name of the Institute was changed to Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute (IPIRTI) in the year 1992. 2. 5. 1Mandate Research on all aspects of production of sawn timber, manufacturing plywood and other allied engineered and reconstituted wood or lignocellulosic products, including improvement of materials, manufacturing processes, improvement of machines and appliances, conditions of work time and motion studies – standardization of methods of work conditioning of factories, Inspection, certification and marking of all forest products viz. plywood, wood, timber, hardboard, particleboard, chipboard, furniture, gluelams, compreg, doors, panel doors, blockboard, flush doors, veneered panels, energy consuming, non biodegradable and on the whole highly environment friendly. A two pronged approach is essential to bridge this gap. i. Rationalizing the utilization of available wood resources through appropriate technological intervention, and ii. Development of wood alternates from other natural/renewable fibers. At IPIRTI, RD activities have already been reoriented to achieve these twin goals. Consequently, two main areas of applied research are: development of efficient technologies for wood and wood based composites, and evolving technologies for manufacturing wood alternates from natural/renewable fiber. Guided by the fact that plantation grown wood will be the major source of industrial raw material for wood products, the main RD activity of the Institute aims at efficient utilization of fast growing plantation timber species for production of sawn timber, plywood, and other wood composites. Wood produced in fast growing plantations has several characteristics compared to wood available from traditional forest grown tree species, viz. smaller diameters, lower dimensional stability and low natural durability, ecessitating technological intervention for their proper utilization in meeting the societal needs in respect of wood and wood products. Training in connection with forest product utilization for plywood industries and trade and for allied industries. Imparting tec hnical education or/and training at undergraduate, post graduate and any other level of technology. 2. 6Forest Survey of India Forest Survey of India (FSI) was created with effect from June 1, 1981 as a successor to â€Å"Pre-investment Survey of Forest Resources† (PISFR), a project initiated in 1965 by Govt. of India and sponsored by FAO and UNDP. The main objective of PISFR was to ascertain the availability of raw material for establishment of wood based industries in the selected areas of the country. Further the National Commission on Agriculture (NCA), in its report in 1976, recommended the creation of a National Forest Survey Organistaion for collection of data on scientific lines through country-wide comprehensive forest resources survey at regular intervals. Consequently, PISFR was reorganized into FSI. After a critical review of activities undertaken by FSI, Government of India, in 1986, redefined its mandate as follows in order to make it more purposeful and relevant to the needs of the country. To prepare a comprehensive State of Forest Report (SFR) including National Vegetation Map once every two years. It will also prepare thematic maps through use of remote sensing data with minimal essential ground truth verification (most ground –truth verification would be done by the respective state government) on a ten year cycle. To collect, store and retrieve necessary forestry and forestry related data for national and state level planning and to create a computer based National Basic Forestry Inventory System (NBFIS). 2. 7Wildlife Institute of India Wildlife Institute of India (WII) set up in 1982, has emerged as an eminent regional centre for training and research in the field of wildlife conservation in South Asia and South East Asia. It is an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The mission of the Institute is â€Å"To nurture the development of wildlife science and promote its application in conservation, in consonance with the cultural and socio-economic milieu†. The mandate of the Institute is (i) Build capacity, develop human resources in wildlife; (ii) Develop as a centre of excellence in wildlife science; (iii) Provide consultancy advisory services to Central and State Governments in matters related to wildlife. Since its inception, Institute has trained more than 900 field managers through its flagship programmes of 9-months Post-gradate Diploma Course in Wildlife Management and 3-months Certificate Course in Wildlife Management. This includes 113 foreign trainees belonging to 19 countries. About 200 wildlife professionals have been trained by Institute through its M. Sc. Wildlife Science and doctoral programmes. Institute has been actively engaged in undertaking research on different facets of wildlife science across the country and has generated scientific database in the form of research reports (about 115) and technical papers (about 600). WII has also provided about 25 consultancy services to different states of India as well as to other neighbouring countries. Institute has also taken up additional responsibilities assigned by the MoEF for implementation of activities under National Wildlife Action Plan 2002 – 16. Currently, a country wide tiger and prey base estimation programme is underway in WII as per the requirement of Project Tiger Directorate. Increasing human induced changes are posing new threats to conservation of wilderness resources today. The forests harboring wild animals are deteriorating in terms of quality and quantity (fragmentation) thereby threatening survival of species particularly mega species like elephants, tigers, rhinos and other large bodied animals. As habitats shrink and populations become increasingly isolated, factors like poaching, disease, population structure (sex-ratio) and stochastic events like droughts, fire and floods which once were part of natural processes causing manageable oscillations are now becoming limiting and critical factors. The situation is throwing enormous challenges to managers and policy makers alike. WII, with its sound foundation in wildlife sciences, needs to respond to these emerging challenges adequately by implementing innovative approaches to manage wildlife resources in the country. 2. 8Forestry Research Institutions under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) The forestry research is attempted in several institutes falling under crop science and natural resource management institutes of ICAR . Besides the work done in the research institute, there is an All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry involving about 30 centers, many of them located in State Agricultural Universities across the country. The activities in the major area of forestry research (including allied fields ) under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), including Indian Grassland Fodder Research Institute ( IGFRI) may be broadly classified into three parts – (i) Agroforestry Research ( targeting primarily farm lands); (ii) Silvipastoral Research (targeting degraded forests and other wastelands); (iii) Grassland Ecology and Management (targeting natural grasslands and community grazing lands). List of major research institutions of ICAR imparting forestry research 1 |Indian Grassland Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (IGFRI) | |2 |National Research Center for Agroforestry, Jhansi (NRCAF) | |3 |Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (CAZRI) | |4 |Central Soil Salinty R esearch Institute, Karnal(CSSRI) | |5 |Central Soil Water Conservation Research Training Institute, Dehradun | |6 |ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hills Region , Shillong (ICAR- RC- NEH) |7 |Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora (VPKAS) | |8 |Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad (CRIDA) | |9 |Central Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair (CARI) | BNATIONAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN ENVIRONMENT SECTOR 2. 9 Centre for Science and Environment (CSE ) The Institute deals subjects of Ecology and Environment; Environmental Education; Pollution Monitoring/Control; Water Management; Health. Environmental activities include communication for awareness; rainwater harvesting; climate change; research and advocacy; education and training; documentation; CSE’s pollution monitoring laboratory is an independent analytical, research and development laboratory that monitor and document pesticide residues, conducts water quality analysis and monitors ambient air quality in cities and communities across India; lab services include analysis over a wide range of parameters for food, water, soil, air, and biological materials; including blood, tissue and other environmental analysis. Publications: State of India’s Environment – The Citizen’s Report, Down to Earth, Air Pollution Booklet etc. 2. 0 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Environmental activities include providing environment-friendly solution to rural energy problems to help in shaping the development of the Indian oil and gas sector; from tackling global climate change issues across many c ontinents to enhancing forest conservation efforts among local communities; from advancing solutions to growing urban transport and air pollution problems to promoting energy efficiency in the Indian industry. All activities in TERI move from formulating local – and national – level strategies to suggesting global solutions to critical energy and environment related issues. 2. 11Centre for Environmental Education (CEE) Environmental activities include Environmental education and training; conservation of biodiversity; eco-development; networking for environmental education; adapting to different geographic, culture, social and economic contexts built into the basic design of programmes and material; CEE in association with the Environmental Law Institue, Washington DC, has launched a project for capacity building of judiciary in Uttar Pradesh with funding from the Ford Foundation. The objective is to help the judiciary plan an informed and effective role in protecting the environment and upholding and strengthening environmental law in India. 2. 12G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development was established in August 1988, at Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, as an autonomous institute of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The Institute is identified as a focal agency, to advance scientific knowledge, to evolve integrated management strategies, demonstrate their efficacy for conservation of natural resources and to ensure environmentally sound development in the entire Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Apart from undertaking research and technology development and/or demonstration on its own, the Institute has established linkages with National and International Organizations committed to environment and development linked issues in the mountain regions. The Institute has been recognized as a nodal agency for research and development programs in the Indian Himalaya by the Planning Commission, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and many International organizations. All RD activities of the Institute are essentially multi-disciplinary in nature, and based on a conscious effort to interlink natural and social sciences to promote sustainable development. The vision and area of operation of the institute are as follows: †¢ To undertake in-depth research and development studies on environmental problems of the Indian Himalayan Region. †¢ To identify and strengthen the local knowledge of the environment and contribute towards strengthening researches of regional relevance in the scientific institutions, Universities/NGOs and Voluntary agencies working in the Himalayan region, through interactive networking. To evolve and demonstrate suitable technological packages and delivery systems for sustainable dev elopment of the region in harmony with local perceptions. Chapter 3 THE SALIENT ACHIEVEMENTS OF X PLAN A. SALIENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FORESTS SECTOR 3. 1Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) i. Enhancing Productivity of Forests †¢ Developed cost-effective micro-propagation protocols for mass propagation of Dendrocalamus strictus, Bambusa arundinacea, B. arundinacea var. gigantean, D. membranaceous, B. nutans and Oxytenanthera stocksii. †¢ Standardized in-vitro propagation methods for mature tissues of Azadirachta indica. †¢ Rejuvenated difficult to root clones of E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis rejuvenated and 10% rooting achieved. Methods developed for the micro-propagation of tropical hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla X E. grandis. †¢ Maintained germplasm bank for 400 clones of Poplar (Populus deltoides) for tree improvement studies. †¢ Identified twelve clones of Casuarina equisetifolia, as superior performers, selected for fingerprinting using RAPD and AFLP techniques. Developed DNA finger printing for molecular base characterization of germplasm of – Pine, Shisham and Eucalyptus. †¢ Identified 1156 plus trees of neem in different agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa. †¢ Standardized the clonal propagation technology for mass multiplying the high yielding neem tree. Standardized a procedure for rapid multiplication of Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) through axillary bud proliferation and clonal propagation technology and micro-propagation package for teak has to produce high quality-planting stock. †¢ Selected twenty outstanding clones each of Casuarina equiseti folia and C. junghuhniana sub-sp. timoresnsis and vegetatively propagated in a hybridization garden. †¢ Developed molecular cataloguing of 36 plus trees of teak from 11 states of India and one allied species (Tectona hamiltoniana Wall) endemic to Myanmar using RAPD markers. †¢ Developed in-vitro shoot proliferation mehods for large-scale multiplication of mature clumps of Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus giganteus. Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources †¢ Established 1300 ha. Seed Production Areas, 351 ha. Seed Seedling Orchard and 170 ha. Clonal Seed Orchard and Model Nurseries in different parts of the country for Quality planting Material (QPM). †¢ Standardized seed testing procedures for more than 120 species. †¢ Developed guidelines for certification of forestry seeds. Silviculture for Forest Management i. Initiated work on benchmarking biodiversity and preservation of gene pool of important species/forest types through preservation plots in. 15 States of the country. ii. Developed technology for artificial regeneration of Buchnania lanzon in U. P. iii. Volume tables, site index equations and growth/yield functions for A. indica, E. camaldulensis and D. sissoo also developed. iv. Field trials laid with two forestry important species of Alnus nepalensis and Exbucklendia populenia for reclamation of highly eroded site at Cherrapunjee, Meghalaya. v. Growth of most common tree species planted in South-West Bengal viz. , Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus, Gmelina arborea, Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis from 132 plantation sites under alluvial, coastal and lateritic soils were compared for the soil vegetation interaction with special reference to nutrient cycling. vi. Development of Agro-forestry Models †¢ Developed p †¢ ackage for â€Å"Economic Production of Casuarina equisetifolia in Agroforestry system†. †¢ Developed and standardized management practices for most promising existing agroforestry systems in central Narmada valley and Satpura plateau agro-climatic regions of M. P. , arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, semi-arid tropics of Andhra Pradesh. †¢ Developed agroforestry model consisting of tree species (Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea and Emblica officinalis) and crop species (soyabean and wheat). †¢ Organized awareness campaigns for promotion of agroforestry amongst farmers. vii. Protection of Forests Developed insect database for 200 species for National Insect Reference with the collection preserved at FRI. †¢ Studied Shisham Mortality – Temporal changes in the physical properties of soil and soil maturation, water stress, water logging, environmental stress and ecological succession are observed to the main causes for shisham mortality. †¢ Studied management of Sal Heartwood borer in natural forests. †¢ Tested promising plant derived chemicals against key pests against the major defoliators of forest tree species. †¢ Multiplied 3,00,00000 wasps of Trichogramma rosi and introduced in 200 hectare teak plantations of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to minimise the out break of Teak defoliator and skeletonizer. Deodar mortality in around Shimla was studied and causative factors identified. †¢ Identified natural enemies of Ectropis deodarae comprising of eleven parasitoids, eight predators and nine entomo-pathogens of Himalayan forest. †¢ Two new species of the genus Angulitermes (A. bhagsunagensis sp. now) from Himachal Pradesh and Mecrotermes (M. vikaspurensis sp. now) from Uttaranchal have been identified. †¢ Identified Phloeobius crassicollis (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) damaging green culm of Bamboosa bambos for the first time. †¢ Identified causes of mortality of Prosopis cineraria trees and suggested remedial measures for protecting the infested trees. viii. Forest Products Electronic database of available Physical and Mechanical properties of timber species tested so far since 1911 belonging to 510 records prepared. Various calculations of suitability indices and safe working stresses of timber species completed and tested. †¢ Standardized m †¢ ethods for vegetable dyes from Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eupatorium glandulosum and Azadirachta indica. †¢ Obtained VAC-FRI technology for treatment of green bamboo. †¢ Developed Plasticisation technique for palms and selected bamboo species. †¢ Studied post harvest technologies on non-traditional, under-exploited locally available timber species for suitability to handicraft and other small scale Industries. Assessed wood quality of Simarouba glauca for its timber value. †¢ Developed alternative preservatives of m ore economic value and schedules for their incorporation in wood. †¢ Standardized seasoning and preservation technique for Rubber wood. †¢ Reconstituted wood from lops tops of Eucalyptus, Poplar, Lantana and Bamboo. †¢ Furniture made from preservative treated (CCA and Chloropyriphos) under pressure treatment plant and seasoned wood of all the three plantation of lesser-known timber species viz. A. tortilis, P. juliflora and P. cineraria. ix. Non Wood Forest Produce †¢ Launched a website on medicinal plants market trend http://marketinfoherbs. icfre. org by FRI. Initiated studies to propagate high altitude medicinal plants –Microstylis wallichii, Berginia ciliata, Valeriana jatamasi and Swertia chirayita by following non-destructive methods at lower elevation). †¢ Isolated the parthenium lignocellulosic material and converted into fibres, which were analysed for physical properties for development of Medium Density Fibre Board. †¢ Established agr oforestry based medicinal plant cultivation research plots in Haryana and at Dehradun. The cost economics of cultivation of different medicinal plants under different agroforestry and horticultural species studied. †¢ Studied lac cultivation on non-traditional host Flemingia spp. and its possibility in sustainable plantation forestry. †¢ Studied economic evaluation of NTFPs in tribal belt of Madhya Pradesh nd standardized methodologies for extraction and value addition of NWFP providing sustenance to tribals. †¢ Standardized Nursery Techniques for Mass Propagation of Selected Medicinal Plant Species. †¢ Estimated heavy metals (lead and arsenic) in vegetable dye of Butea monospema and Woodfordia fruticosa. †¢ Studied production of alpha cellulose from Lantana camara and its chemical modification for industrial applications. †¢ Extraction and dyeing trials with dyes from Lantana leaves, Cassia tora seeds and Eucalyptus hybrid leaves using different mordan t were carried out. †¢ Methods standardized for production of alpha cellulose and its derivatives from Lantana camara for a variety of applications. Methods standardized for vegetable dyes from Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Eupatorium glandulosum and Azadirachta indica. †¢ Methods standardized for compost making from Parthenium for effective utilization of weeds. x. Eco-restoration Studies †¢ Reclaimed problem soils like quartz dumps, magnesite / lime stone mine spoils using suitable tree species and proper soil amendments. †¢ Studied biological reclamation of fly ash dumps at Thermal power station area, Korba and Chachai. †¢ Standardized afforestation technique for sodic soils and reclamation of wastelands- FRI. xi. Environmental Impact Assessment †¢ Conducted comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment Management Plan for Bodhghat Hydro Electric Project, CSEB, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Environmental Impact Assessment of Seismic Operati ons in Krishna Godavari Basin (KG-ON-1) for Reliance Industries Ltd. , Mumbai. †¢ Prepared final mine closure plan for Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOL), Bangalore – This has been prepared first time in the Country, as per the directive of Honorable Supreme Court to KIOCL. †¢ Ecological Assessment of forest areas falling Under Kol Dam Hydroelectric Project in Bilaspur District of H. P. xii. Biodiversity Conservation and Assessment †¢ Ecological assessment of Dipterocarp forest with reference to distribution, abundance rarity and profile sketch of evergreen forest is carried out in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary. Spatial distribution mapping and population dynamics of 21 threatened medicinal plants carried out in Silent valley and kolli hills MPCAs of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. †¢ Collected 640 plant species belonging to 90 different families from the cold desert areas. Three hundred forty five species have been identified as unique species. Twenty-seven spe cies of medicinal importance declared as red listed medicinal plants. †¢ Forest Invasive Species: (FIS) is a priority issue under the Convention on Biological Diversity, accordingly, based on information received from regional ICFRE Institutes, a brochure published on ‘Forest Invasive Species’ as per revised format for Asia Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN). xiii. Climate Change Given observer status of UNFCCC at COP 10 in 2004 in accordance with Article 7, Paragraph 6 of the Convention. †¢ Studied Carbon mitigation potential of farmlands in Betalghat, Nainital, Uttaranchal. †¢ Studied Carbon sequestration potential under farm forestry and community forest. †¢ FORCLIMIT India (MoEF- USEPA Programme – Forests and Climate Change Mitigation Networks). First phase in Udhampur, Nainital, Uttaranchal for farm forestry and forestry was completed. Industrial Potential approach at Singareni coalfield is in progress. xiv. Research on Jatr opha curcas †¢ Isolated and estimated oils and anti-nutritional constituent, phytae in different provenances of Jatropha curcas. Separated toxic fraction of jatropha oil and assessed for antifungal and antibacterial activities. †¢ Identified provenance for high oil content for Jatropha from the clonal germplasm bank. †¢ Established a trial of 32 provenances has been established. †¢ Established germblasm bank of Jatropha in different institutes of ICFRE. xv. ICFRE and Forestry Extension †¢ Conducted number of workshops/ seminars during the year 2002-2007 where researchers, foresters, NGOs, industrialists, Govt. officials, farmers and other entrepreneurs participated. †¢ Developed agroforestry models for different agro climatic zones by ICFRE institutes, primarily for the economic gains of farmers were demonstrated with the help of workshops, seminars and trainings. Made available biological control measures of forestry pests and diseases to stakeholders through extension activities. †¢ Envisaged application of biofertilizers to increase productivity of forestry crop through extensi on mechanisms like brochures, films shows. †¢ Organized training-cum-demonstration on modern techniques of lac cultivation organised at Raipur (Chhattisgarh), Chandwa (Jharkhand), Katghora (Chhattisgarh) and Malichak (Jharkhand). †¢ Developed VAM production facility at TRC, Gandhinagar, State Forest Department, and Gujarat. †¢ Conducted training programme for bamboo artisans at Angamalli Cluster, Kerala. †¢ Uploaded a †¢ bout 3000 herbarium plant species into the ‘Image Analyzer’ programme and made available to the entire country through website. Developed and published training module for Committee Members and Forest Frontline Workers on Joint Forest Management (JFM), Forest Development Agency (FDA), Watershed, Micro Planning and Monitoring Issues as per the guidelines of the National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. xvi. Patents Registered †¢ Micro-propagation of bamboos- patent No. 1137/ MUM/ 2000. †¢ Technology VAC-FRI for Treatment of Green Bamboo- Patent No. 19. 14/03012/2003. †¢ Lignin Copper Complex A and B – Patent No. 963/DEL/2004. †¢ An Apparatus for Post Harvest Treatment and Preservation of Bamboo – Patent No. 425/KOL/2003 on the subject. 3. 1. 3ICFRE and Forestry Education ICFRE, Forest Research Institute (Deemed University) runs Masters and doctoral programmes in various disciplines of forestry at different institutes of ICFRE. In addition, Post Graduate diploma courses on Plantation Technology, Pulp and Paper Technology and Bio-diversity Conservation were also imparted. Three M. Sc. Courses of 2 Years duration-Forestry (Economics Management) (25 seats) ,Wood Science Technology (25 seats) and Environment Management (25 seats), two P. G. D Courses of one year duration were run viz. Sixteen recognized research centers across the country were established for conducting the doctoral program. In the Research Degree Programme, 340 research scholars were registered for Ph. D. degree in different disciplines related to forestry and forest products. These included in-service scientists and forest officers as well were inferred on Ph. D. 3. 1. 4 Grant in Aid to Universities The ICFRE has been providing Grant-in-Aid for developing technical capabilities and strengthening infrastructure in forestry faculty in the Universities imparting forestry education at graduation and post-graduation level. The component of Grant-in-Aid to these Universities from ICFRE was meager during IX Plan. However, in the X Plan a total outlay of Rs. 20. 35 crore has been provided. The ICFRE has set up guidelines and constituted committee to consider the proposals for Grant-in-Aid received from the Universities. A system of monitoring and evaluation for effective and meaningful utilization of Grant-in-Aid has also been put in place. However, since the quantum of Grant-in-Aid being limited share for each University works out to be less than Rs. One crore during plan period or on an average about Rs. 20 lakhs per annum. The major part of Grant-in-Aid has been utilized for creation of infrastructure such as classroom facility, College labs, hostels, computer center etc. In addition, support is provided for strengthening of library facilities, equipments and conduct of educational study tours. There are, in all, 26 Universities to which Grant-in-Aid is provided. Forestry Education which was aimed at imparting knowledge on various aspects in for How to cite Report of the Working Group on the Environment, Essay examples

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx

Table of Contents Introduction Capitalistic Development Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The Marxist representation of civilization is observed in the lead of disparities flanked by classes and spawned by financial objects. This essay scrutinizes the role played by the theory of Karl Marx of social stratification and its representation in ratifying social alteration in the course of group struggles. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Particularly, it examines Marx’s model of consumerist society and reviews what notion continues to be pertinent in the twenty-first century. The contemporary progress cannot deny any of the indispensable thoughts enclosed inside his proposal. Marx predicted the persistent demo of commoditization and additional escalating growth of the capitalist bazaar as one day pursuing the bourgeoisie above the facad e of the world. Marx was pragmatic in his reasoning because he postulated that the populace would be intelligent to put up a superior collective system that would credibly call for supplementary complex resources for preservation. He says that â€Å"†¦. the means of communication adapted themselves to the mode of production of large –scale industries. In addition, it is a newly created connection with the world market† (Marx 1990 506).The dynamic ideas contained within the communist manifesto have had a lasting impact on the very foundations of modern society. Workers should determine their own destiny by collectivization of interests. Through this, they will realize collective bargaining in the world market. Their social welfare will get better and mistreatment will be no more. Capitalistic Development Marx insisted on the divergence viewpoint structures that affirm all factions in a culture battle against one another for communal capital. This generates variati on involving the factions making the society a ground for clash. The difference is considered to be initiated by profitable capital with groups declining into distinctive classes. The supremacy associations are based on the possession of assets. Consequently, private enterprise is not anything new than the lawful features of control of one class over the other. The fortunate class exercises their monetary and opinionated influence over the workers by obtaining their labor on the liberated bazaar. According to Marx, a class is explained on the foundation of control over superfluous worth in manufacturing. The owners of the means of production are referred to as Bourgeoisie, who has power over the allocation of extra worth. The owners of the means of production are in straight inconsistency with the industrial unit personnel who do not have any articulate control in the allotment of additional value yet they are the main manufacturers (Brumfiel 79).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx claimed that unrest of the subordinate class demands formation of a mutual awareness about their subjugation. Regrettably, the poorer class no longer subsists as he observed since the precedent class struggles have ended every moment with radical conversion of society as a whole, which can be attained now by the waged people captivating over accessible condition. The growth of present core executive and fair occupation has broken the subordinate group and augmented the quantity of natives in the center class, which survive in the gap formed between the two classes that Marx had initially projected. The center classes are distinguished from others on the basis of ability hence they are improbable to apprehend their universal struggle and any optimism for unified working class accomplishment is unproductive (Barbera 129). It is factual that to a convinced degree, classes stil l verifies voting structures but not to the level, that Marx thought of. Marx postulated that the waged people would develop from being a grouping of persons with universal welfare to an amalgamated set with general ambitions (Marx 26). The workforce would draw closer to discover their familiar effort and employ the estrangement they experience in the industrious progression to confront the Bourgeoisie. Schism connecting the two classes would enlarge until finally the entire makeup of the public floor into the void. This would facilitate an egalitarian society, which apparently would then espouse collectivism/communism. The philosophy of Marx does not pertain to the present epoch, as Marx’s explanation of class is not stylish sufficiently for the up to date society. Heilbroner discharge the likelihood of a free society absolutely though his analysis is tautological. In the near future, there will be persistence of citizens in the central, who do not suit into either the aut horitarian sort Marx anticipated as they are beyond the associations of fabrication but do not exert the control of superior class. Interestingly, affairs do not subsist if there is no manufacturing going on and at the same time, manufacturing cannot survive lacking the resources of production, which remains under the control of Bourgeoisie (Heilbroner 56).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Introducing the employees in undeviating rivalry for the inadequate plunder they could receive ensure that the proletariat would be not gang up collectively and widen class perception in so doing maintain Capitalism. Capitalism will subsist as long as the low class continue being ignorant of their mistreatment. Cynicism is rising amongst the populace and possibly a form of divergence is rising. The facet of Marx premise that stands pertinent will persist to do so as long as the corporations that abuse manual labor repress the working class. Works Cited Barbera, Jeans. (2009). The Cost of Capitalism: Understanding Market Mayhem and Stabilizing Our Economic Future, New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Brumfiel, Fox (2003) Factional competition and political development in the New World, London: Cambridge University Press. Heilbroner, Rick. (1999). The Worldly Philosophers 7 Ed. New York, NY: Touchstone Books. Marx, Karl. (1998). The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations. M. Cowling, (Ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. This essay on The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx was written and submitted by user Karina Leon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alexander Pope essays

Alexander Pope essays Alexander Pope, who lived from 1688-1744, was an English poet who modeled himself after great poets of the classical past. Verse translations, moral and critical essays, satires, and the development of the heroic couplet, made him the leading poet of his age. Pope, born in London, was the son of a cloth merchant. His parents were Roman Catholics, which automatically barred him from England's Protestant universities. Until he was 12 years old, he was educated mainly by priests; afterward, he primarily taught himself. A devastating illness, most likely tuberculosis of the spine, struck him in childhood, leaving him deformed. He never grew taller than 4 ft 6 in and was subject to suffering horrible headaches. Possibly as a result of this condition, he was hypersensitive and exceptionally irritable the rest of his life. He was a very quarrelsome man and attacked his literary contemporaries. To few, he was warm and affectionate; he had a long and close friendship with Irish writer Jonathan Swift. The Essay on Man is a philosophical poem, written in heroic couplets and published between 1732 and 1734. It is an attempt to rationalize the ways of God to Man, and a warning that man himself is not the center of all things. The two main concerns of Pope were, (1) What is, in fact, mans nature and (2) can that nature be justified by observation? (White p.43) The "Essay" consists of four epistles, addressed to Lord Bolingbroke, and were thought to have derived, to some extent, from some of Bolingbroke's writings. The question was often raised regarding the relation between the argument of the Essay on Man and that of certain prose manuscripts of Popes guide Bolingbroke. (MacDonald p.132) Many agreed that the poet and his friend in some way combined their intellect to produce the essay. Pope felt and thought by shocks and electric flashes. He co...

The Crappy Side of Writing

The Crappy Side of Writing I’m staring at a screen, after an extremely frustrating, full day of writing and editing. Mostly editing. Without going into details, I fought with a full manuscript edit for almost eight hours one day this week. I edited an entire novel only for the edits not to save properly. There’s a long story about a corrupted file. Needless to say, I cursed and shed a few sloppy tears on my napkin beside the dinner hub On top of that, I learned my deadline was changing a little bit for Tidewater Murder, which really crimped my style pertaining to a certain speaking engagement. That change sucked the wind right out of my sails for a while. Maybe I shed a couple more tears. Hub So, once I reached a stopping place, and settled down, I made myself write this editorial. Why? Because I’m frustrated and wanted to know how I’d write in that frame of mind . . . and to show those of you who aren’t writing full time that writing for a living can have some seriously catastrophic days that make you want to throw up your hands and simply say â€Å"WHY DO I DO THIS?† I’ve sat at conferences watching the speaker smile, chuckle, and talk about how hard writing is, but then preach/lecture/instruct the audience to just stick it out. (finger snap) Just like that you’re supposed to decide that nothing will stop you. No emotion in the lesson. All tell and no show. I want to wipe that smile off that successful face and ask them to SHOW me. Quit TELLING. I want them to show me through detailed anecdotes. . . 1. How they almost quit one night over a rejection;2. How they wanted to strangle an editor;3. How they behaved when they lost an entire story on the computer;4. How, after ten chapters, they realized the story had no purpose. Or how about answering these questions: 1. How much money did they really make on that self-pubbed book? 2. Did they ever make a fool of themselves with an editor/agent?3. When did they make a bad decision on selling rights?4. After expenses, how much money do they really net after a traditional publisher kept 92% of the print proceeds and 75% of the ebook gross earnings?5. Was there ever a time he was a bad writer?6. How did that one-star review REALLY make him feel? Give me the dirt . . . all of it. Why? Because I need to know what’s coming at me. I need to understand that there will benights like this, where I doubt myself and crave an easier life. We write for the satisfaction. But no one tells us about the nights we feel like our writing sucks, or that the planets are aligned against us. Those are the times that define us in this profession. Coming out on the other side of those bad nights intact, with the shards of our wits swept up off the floor, with lessons painfully learned leaving deep scars behind, makes us decent writers. No pain, no glory. Okay. Big sigh. Excuse me while I return to beat up my keyboard.

Unconventional Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unconventional Warfare - Essay Example Guerilla warfare was first referred as a war of revolutionary nature by Mao Zedong who used it widely in his operations in China1. However it is used in modern insurgencies as a part of an integrated process with all the sophistications associated with an organized operation including propaganda capabilities, doctrines and specialist skills. 2 Kennedy Hickman, Fabian Strategy : Wearing Down the Enemy , 2007, About.com: Military History, The Medieval myth of Roland borne out of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass was won by the Basque due to the effective utilization of guerilla tactics3. 15th century saw the Vietnamese insurgency against the Chinese where as the 19th century saw the Balkan people using the same tactics to fight against the Ottoman Empire4. World War I and World War II also saw a number of guerilla warfare in the name of resistance movements and other insurgent activities. Guerilla warfare continues in many parts of the world post the II World War as well. However, the most common feature associated with unconventional warfare is its nationalist fighting nature which was evident in the rebellions. One key exception was the Columbian FARC which gave up armed rebellion following its electoral defeat only to resume it later and associate with the drug lobby against the traditions it followed6. 3Kennedy Hickman, Charlemagne: Battle of Roncevaux Pass, 2007, About.com: Military History, 4Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla Warfare - A Historical & Critical Study, 1998, (Transaction Books) 239-277 5 Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Warfare Conduct Of, Guerrilla Warfare," 1984 ed, p. 584 6Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla Warfare - A Historical & Critical Study, 1998, (Transaction Books) xi Two of the major victories of the guerilla warfare happened in Afghanistan and Chechnya, both of which coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The victory is mainly attributed to the fact that though the enemy was powerful, lacked the political will. Afghanistan war also gave a topographical advantage to the rebels which led to the evacuation of the Soviet troops in 1989. Guerillas failed to achieve decisive victories in a number of countries like Turkey, Algeria, Israel, Sri Lanka and Sudan, though they succeeded in causing sizeable harm to their enemies. Considerable help has been provided to the guerillas from abroad to keep the momentum going in the operation as in the Arab countries support given to the Palestinians and Afghans and the Indian Tamil support to the Sri Lankan Tamils7. The key forms of insurgency that is expected to control the modern era are likely to be driven by problems caused due to the increasingly commercialized and modernized world. This is expected to dominate the Third World countries with

The Verity of Fear and Pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Verity of Fear and Pain - Essay Example He believed that his time in Auschwitz was a part of life, albeit one that he needed to put behind him. The author makes a valiant effort to look at a torture victim through the eyes of a person who is perpetrating the torture. He finds that there is nothing else there other than an all-consuming urge to subjugate a fellow human being completely, taking control of the very life force of another. The line that is to be analyzed is: "But in addition they tortured with the good conscience of depravity" (Amery, 1980). This is a clear indication of the fact that the captors were self-righteous about their acts of torture and had no doubts in their minds that they were completely in line with the tenets of Fascism - unfortunately, something that they were extremely proud of. Jean Amery being a member of a partisan anti-Gestapo group was a prime catch for Hitler's men. He was found with incriminating evidence that left no doubt in the minds of the captors about his political affinities. When he was finally brought to Breedonk, Amery had absolutely no illusions about what the Gestapo could do - but then, nothing really prepares you for the actual act of torture. It was at Breedonk that he actually understood the meaning of the word torture, which originated from the French word: torquere, which means 'to twist'. Left hanging by his captors, his arms dislocated, he lost all sense of reality, the pain that he felt could not be described at all. It was indeed quite difficult to quantify the level of pain that he felt at the hands of his torturers. The psyche of a torturer: To begin with, there is no marked difference in the behavior exhibited by a Nazi torturer and another of any other organization. The psychological changes that occur in the minds of a torturer are impacted by various factors. Primarily, it is the belief he has in the cause that he is either fighting for or believes in. When there is no doubt at all in his mind that his cause is a noble one he believes that anybody who does not share his views needs to be brought around to his way of thinking, preferably by force. A study done by American psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo reveals how people who are otherwise of fairly good and peaceable nature can turn violent, dominating and oppressive, when playing the roles of a subjugator. The study conducted at Stanford University had two groups of people who were called upon to play two roles - guards and prisoners. It was found that the 'guards' when dressed as guards - that is de-individuated - behaved in an excessively brutal manner (Zimbardo e t al, 1973). A number of other studies support these general findings - that anonymity allows an increase in aggressive antisocial behavior. These people are completely convinced that their role as oppressor is one that has to be played out with perfection, merely because it is what is expected of them at that particular point in time. They are unable to even think of the consequences or the sufferings that need to be endured by their victims. There is almost a missionary zeal in their performances as torturers as they cease to believe in the wrongness of the acts that they choose to commit. In the case of Amery's torture, they feel justified in their act mainly because they have apprehended a person who has political leanings that are totally out of sync with theirs. There is no doubt